PATH OF YOGI

Introduction

The concept of Dharma (or Dhamma in Pali) is a cornerstone of ancient Indian philosophical thought. Rooted in the spiritual traditions of Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, this principle has guided millions in their pursuit of righteousness, harmony, and liberation. Although interpreted differently in these three religions, Dharma/Dhamma represents the universal law that sustains life, underpins morality, and ensures the flourishing of the cosmos.

This blog unpacks the meaning of Dharma/Dhamma across these traditions, drawing insights from revered texts like the Bhagavad Gita, Dharmashastras, Tripitaka, and Agamas, while exploring its relevance in modern life.

Understanding Dharma in Hinduism

In Hinduism, Dharma is an essential pillar of life, symbolizing duty, law, and moral order. The word originates from the Sanskrit root “dhri,” meaning “to hold” or “sustain.”

Scriptural References

1. Bhagavad Gita: Krishna explains to Arjuna, “Better is one’s own dharma, though imperfectly performed, than the dharma of another well performed.” (BG 3.35). This verse emphasizes the personal duty (svadharma) of an individual as the highest form of righteousness.

2. Manusmriti: Often cited as the source of Dharmashastra, Manusmriti outlines the moral code for individuals based on their age, gender, and social responsibilities.

Key Aspects of Hindu Dharma

1. Svadharma: Personal duty in accordance with one’s nature and role in society.

2. Sanatana Dharma: The eternal, universal laws governing existence.

3. Varnashrama Dharma: Duties related to caste (varna) and life stages (ashrama).

Hindu Dharma integrates individual ethics with cosmic harmony, encouraging people to act selflessly and uphold truth (satya) and compassion (daya).

Dharma in Jainism: The Path to Liberation

In Jainism, Dharma has a more specific connotation, encompassing the dual aspects of righteous conduct and the principle of motion that supports the universe. It is closely tied to the Jain philosophy of non-violence (Ahimsa) and truth (Satya).

Scriptural Insights

1. Tattvartha Sutra: This foundational Jain text defines Dharma as a vital path to liberation (moksha), consisting of the three jewels—right faith (samyak darshana), right knowledge (samyak jnana), and right conduct (samyak charitra).

2. Agamas: Jain canonical literature elaborates on ethical duties, such as the five major vows (Mahavratas), which include non-violence, truthfulness, and non-possessiveness.

Ethical Dharma in Jainism

Ahimsa (Non-Violence): Refraining from harm to all living beings.

Aparigraha (Non-Possessiveness): Detachment from material possessions and desires.

Satya (Truth): Speaking truthfully with the intent of causing no harm.

For Jains, Dharma is not merely a moral guide but also the essence of spiritual liberation, emphasizing self-restraint and purity of thought.

Dhamma in Buddhism: The Universal Law of Truth

In Buddhism, Dhamma refers to the teachings of the Buddha, the universal truths that lead to the cessation of suffering (dukkha). It forms the second of the Three Jewels (Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha) and serves as the guide for ethical living and spiritual awakening.

The Buddha’s Teachings on Dhamma

1. Four Noble Truths:

Life is suffering (dukkha).

The cause of suffering is desire (tanha).

Suffering can end through the cessation of desire.

The Eightfold Path leads to the cessation of suffering.

2. Eightfold Path: The practical framework for ethical and mindful living, consisting of right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.

Dhamma as Universal Law

Buddha described Dhamma as:

Timeless (akaliko), meaning it applies beyond the boundaries of time.

Self-verifiable (ehipassiko), encouraging personal exploration.

Leading to liberation (niyyanika).

The Tripitaka (Pali Canon) and later texts like the Dhammapada beautifully articulate the Buddha’s insights on living in accordance with Dhamma.

Dharma/Dhamma: A Comparative Perspective

Aspect	Hinduism	Jainism	Buddhism
Definition	Duty, moral law	Righteous conduct	Universal truth
Focus	Cosmic and personal order	Liberation through ethics	Liberation through wisdom
Key Texts	Bhagavad Gita, Manusmriti	Tattvartha Sutra, Agamas	Tripitaka, Dhammapada
Core Practices	Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha	Ahimsa, Aparigraha, Satya	Eightfold Path, Four Noble Truths

While the three traditions approach Dharma/Dhamma differently, a shared emphasis on ethical living and liberation binds them together.

Relevance of Dharma/Dhamma in Modern Times

In a fast-paced, often chaotic world, the timeless wisdom of Dharma/Dhamma offers a roadmap for harmonious living.

1. Hindu Perspective: Personalizing duty to align with modern roles (e.g., professional and familial responsibilities) ensures balance and integrity.

2. Jain Perspective: Practices like non-violence and minimalism provide a sustainable lifestyle model in the face of ecological crises.

3. Buddhist Perspective: Mindfulness and ethical choices resonate with today’s mental health and self-improvement movements.

By integrating these principles, individuals can foster inner peace and contribute to collective well-being.

Conclusion

The concept of Dharma/Dhamma, deeply rooted in the scriptures of Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, continues to inspire humanity with its timeless wisdom. Whether through the moral duties of Hindu Dharma, the ethical vows of Jainism, or the practical truths of Buddhist Dhamma, this principle guides us toward a life of righteousness, harmony, and liberation.

In embracing the teachings of Dharma/Dhamma, we not only honor ancient traditions but also align our lives with the universal truths that sustain existence. Namaste!